By Joe Marrone
•
08 Aug, 2022
On August 5th, Burkina Faso celebrated its 62nd Independence Day! Colonial rule was brutal to the African people, and it decimated cultures. Luckily, the people of Burkina Faso stood tall against French rule and are still able to practice those ancient traditions that their ancestors participated in generations ago. It wasn’t until Thomas Sankara took power in 1983 in a bloodless coup when The Republic of Upper Volta officially became Burkina Faso. Sankara chose the name Burkina Faso from two of the country’s most common languages. As an attempt to drive away corruption and gain greater autonomy from foreign influence, the name roughly translates to ‘Land of Honest People.’ Unfortunately, the political situation of Burkina Faso has not improved with continued coups, violence, and poverty. However, the Burkinabe people have never waivered and continue practicing their traditional culture, especially in rural areas. While French is the official language of Burkina Faso, there are over 70 languages throughout the country, 60 of which are indigenous to the region. Each of these languages has its own myths, spiritual traditions, and cultures which survived the onslaught of western colonization. Overall, the traditional beliefs of many indigenous cultures differ from western cultures. Burkina Faso’s traditional ideas focus on an inter-dependence between communities and living in harmony with nature. Traditional culture focuses on living well, not living better, which helps deter conflict between ethnic groups. With such deep roots in traditional culture, Burkina Faso is rich in music, clothing, and rituals. Traditional music often consisted of drums, flutes, and stringed instruments. In addition, in the west of the country, an instrument called the balophon is made with dried gourds. Dancers usually accompany music in colorful costumes. Music is such an important aspect of traditional culture that Burkina Faso holds a biennial festival called the International Festival of Masks and the Arts or FESTIMA. The International Festival of Masks and the Arts started in 1996 and occurs every other year, falling on even years. The fifteenth festival took place in early March 2020 and lasted several days. The festival is held in Burkina Faso, the most recent in Bankuy. Thousands of people come to see dancers in traditional clothes and masks perform ancient rituals from west African countries. There is usually a translator at the festival to help interpret the dance being performed. While music and dance are integral to the traditional culture of Burkina Faso, this festival focuses on the protection of Masks that are very important to the Mossi ethnic group. The Mossi are the largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso, accounting for about 52% of the population. The ancient Mossi empire controlled a large portion of the center of Upper Volta. The Nyonyose, farmers and spiritual segments of ancient Mossi culture, used masks in rituals and religious observances. Archaeologists found that the Mossi primarily used masks at burials, especially for leading elders and chiefs. Rituals would be performed continuously after an elder had died since elders had the most respect in the Mossi hierarchical system. It is believed that Masks allowed the spirit to pass into the world of ancestors. It is believed without a proper funeral the spirit would cause trouble for their descendants. Thick, vibrant costumes accompanied masks. Masks are still sacred in many traditional parts of Burkina Faso and are seen as a link to spirits and nature. These traditional parts of Burkina Faso are usually rural regions. They have relied on oral tradition to pass down poems, folk tales, songs, and more. It wasn’t until late into colonization that written literature came to the Burkinabe people, some of whom started to write down oral stories, mostly from the Mossi ethnic group. While cultural tradition and language have survived colonial rule, new problems are bringing Burkina Faso’s rich culture into demise. Most notably, young people are flocking to cities to find higher-paying jobs. These cities do not follow the traditional culture and are much more westernized. Second, the noble aspects of traditional Burkina Faso culture are disappearing as life becomes more difficult for the rural population. Third, climate change, internally displaced people, and terrorism forced some groups to have forgotten about living well and in harmony with nature. FarmSahel hopes to continue or bring back that ancient tradition of living in harmony with nature. Our programs are designed to help mitigate the effect of climate change, allow villages to better absorb the impact of migrants, and bring harmony back between the agriculturalists and their land. https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2016/3/13/in-burkina-faso-festima-a-festival-of-african-masks https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/africa/burkina-faso/history-and-culture https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossi_people#:~:text=The%20Mossi)%20are%20a%20Gur,or%20about%2011.1%20million%20people. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-culture-of-burkina-faso.html https://barkafoundation.org/burkina-faso-history-culture-climate-people-more/